The Travel Expense Billing Controversy Essay Example for Free

The Travel Expense Billing Controversy Essay Neal A. Roberts, a representative of PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) discovered that his manager was procuring a huge number of dollars a year by method of a charging technique that he thought was dubious. PwC had been gathering huge refunds on aircraft tickets and other travel costs being charged as costs to customers of the firm. These refunds were not being come back to the firm’s customers as reserve funds, however the firm was saving these discounts for it. This was working, on the grounds that the firm would charge the customers at the full cost of aircraft tickets and other travel-related cost, however secretly, the firm arranged limits and refunds that they at that point got toward the year's end dependent on aggregate sums spent. The customers knew nothing of the back-end limits and discounts the firm was getting; in this way, they were being charged more than the firm’s valid cash based costs for the things. In October 2001, the firm at long last quit taking carrier refunds totally. The organization began organizing all limits as front-end value decreases that would be given to the customers. In the expert condition, there are two principle zones in which moral conduct is required. The main point concerns the conduct of the representative at work, in managing partners, with administrators and subordinates and furthermore with clients, the subsequent point concerns the conduct of the organization itself against its clients, its representatives and all other people who may are worried from organization. Likewise you need to recognize spellbinding and standardizing morals. Clear morals is worried about portraying, describing, and examining the ethical quality of a people, an association, a culture, or a general public. [†¦] It centers around â€Å"what is† the predominant arrangement of moral gauges in the business network, explicit associations, or with respect to explicit directors. [†¦] Normative morals is worried about providing and supporting a lucid good arrangement of reasoning and judging. [†¦] It manages â€Å"what should be† or â€Å"what should not to be† as far as strategic policies. Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008:242,243) So it’s fairly incomprehensible for a huge organization, for example, PwC to hold fast to all these moral qualities. These qualities can be immediately lost in the overall population, in light of the fact that all over the place, they are attempting to bring in cash and advance the business, regardless of whether this moral conduct is watched or disregarded. Neal A. Roberts was continually attempting to reveal the degenerate business of the organization, since he has a higher moral awareness and doesn't need PwC to pull off its off-base cond uct. Distinguish the moral issues for this situation. There are three moral issues for this situation. Right off the bat the undermining clients out of limits. The firm PwC gains a great many dollars on refunds, which are not being come back to the customers in type of investment funds, yet rather, the firm was saving these discounts for themselves. The second moral issue is that PwC is giving bogus data to the firm’s customers, by disclosing to them an off-base sum for the aircraft tickets and other travel costs. The last moral issue is the concealment of the firm’s degenerate movement. The organization PwC doesn't educate their customers and their workers concerning the firm’s unlawful conduct. All these moral issues have a place with the authoritative level (or firm level). â€Å"[†¦] These issues may convey ramifications for the company’s notoriety and achievement in the network and furthermore for the sort of moral condition or culture that will influence an everyday premise at the workplace. What's more, how the issue is dealt with may have genuine authoritative consequences† (Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008:289,290). [A] review directed by the Ethics Resource Center uncover what chiefs and workers are facing. † There you can see, that 19 percent of the asked representatives referenced â€Å"lying to representatives, clients, sellers, or the public† (Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008:290) is one of the most â€Å"questionable practices that workers today face in their work lives† (Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008:291). Who are the partners and what are their stakes? The Stakeholders in the event that 14 are the clients, the government, the organization PwC, the accomplices in business and the workers. The customer’s stakes are to get the correct help for the cash they paid, to get great quality and to be dealt with legit and reasonable. In any case, for this situation the clients are not getting the refunds that they ought to be remunerated. Besides the stakes of the government are that the organization PwC can make good on the charges and acts lawfully and morally. Be that as it may, the government was deceived about hypotheses and guidelines, yet they were additionally misled as the clients themselves. In addition the stakes of PwC are that they can keep available with different organizations, that their representatives are persuaded nd make a decent work, that their organization is trustworthy, so as such liquidity is given, that they have numerous clients and great conditions for providers. The stakes of the accomplices in business are that they need to know how the serious organization PwC is in the market and how huge their pieces of the overall industry are. However, different organizations are getting discolored. Finally the employee’s stakes are to work in a decent working climate, to get reasonable wages and furthermore to be dealt with genuine and reasonable. What is your examination of the morals of the movement cost charging rehearses portrayed for the situation? What are the moral contentions for and against them? My examination of the morals of the movement cost charging rehearses depicted for the situation is the thing that the organization PwC did isn't right, since it isn't right and reasonable. They damage purchaser rights, representative rights and investor rights by culpable contrary to the fundamental moral standards, for example, the â€Å"Respect for Persons†, the â€Å"Principle of Beneficence† and the â€Å"Principle of Justice†. In this association ‘Respect for Persons’ implies that people ought to be treated as self-sufficient specialists and that people with decreased independence are qualified for assurance. Further the ‘Principle of Beneficence’ demonstrates that â€Å"persons are treated in a moral way not just by regarding their choices and shielding them from hurt, yet additionally by putting forth attempts to make sure about their prosperity. [†¦ ]Two general standards have been planned as reciprocal articulations of valuable activities in this sense: (1) don't damage and (2) boost potential advantages and limit potential damages. Similarly as with every single hard case, the various cases secured by the guideline of value may clash and power troublesome decisions. † Moreover the ‘Principle of Justice’ says that â€Å"[†¦] approaches should be dealt with similarly. † (http://www. stmarys-ca. edu/institutional-survey board/fundamental moral standards) The company’s conduct meets the essential degree of the CSR pyramid, which says â€Å"be profitable†, yet on the opposite side it conflicts with legitimate, moral and philantropical duties. [†¦] In most decisionmaking circumstances, morals, financial aspects, and law become the focal desires that must be thought of and adjusted against one another in the journey to make insightful decisions† (Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008:249), however for this situation, the organization doesn't comply with this standard. PwC just alludes to the moral premise â€Å"be profitable† and disregards different obligations, which makes the entire conduct of the firm unlawful and not moral.

Nature And Animals in their Poetry Essay Example For Students

Nature And Animals in their Poetry Essay Ted Hughes and John Keats are two distinct writers with comparative thoughts for their verse. The two of them expound on nature and creatures in their verse yet each have various perspectives on nature and creatures. Ted Hughes expounds on nature as a prevailing power however John Keats has increasingly quiet perspectives on nature. In this bit of coursework I will look into the sonnets done by Ted Hughes, which are The Wind, October Dawn, Hawk Roosting and The Jaguar, with the sonnets composed by John Keats, which are Ode to a Nightingale and To Autumn. Every artist utilizes a choice of Alliteration, Assonance, Caesura, Similes, Metaphors, Oxymoron, Onomatopoeia, Enjambment and Personification to get their perspectives across about nature and creatures. Ted Hughes expounds on nature as an exceptionally amazing and predominant power. To do this he depicted it through the components, and creatures. In The Wind he gives the sonnet a feeling of the excellence of the breeze. The slopes had new places, and wind employed Blade-light, brilliant dark and emerald And it additionally gives a solid feeling of viciousness of wind and the components. Through the breeze that imprinted the chunks of my eyes. The breeze flung a jaybird away and a dark Back gull twisted like an iron bar gradually. The brunt wind depicting the breeze as incredible and pitiless. The analogy that marked the wads of my eyes is depicting the breeze as so solid you could feel your eyes being pushed by the might of the breeze. Likewise the metaphor a dark back gull bowed like a n iron bar gradually is depicting the breeze being sufficiently able to brush the winged animals off base. In October day break he once more gives the components a feeling of magnificence. Initial a skin, carefully here Controlling a wave from the air; And it likewise gives a feeling of intensity and strength to the component associated with this sonnet, Ice. While a clench hand of cold Squeezes the fire at the center of the world This last citation from October Dawn is stating that the virus has power enough to freezes the fire at the focal point of the earth. October, composed by Ted Hughes, is an alternate perspective on harvest time to John Keats. While Ted Hughes depicts a cold and frosty perspective on harvest time. While a clench hand of cold Squeezes the fire at the center of the world Ted Hughes causes harvest time to be the start of winter. John Keats, in any case, gives a warm and cheerful sentiment of harvest time, as though it is the finish of summer. For summer has oer-overflowed their moist Cells. John Keats gives nature an increasingly serene and tranquil perspective on nature. Move, and Provencal tune, and burned from the sun merriment! (Tribute to a Nightingale) With a sweet part; to set sprouting more, And still progressively, later blossoms for the honey bees. (To Autumn) But Ted Hughes gives the feeling that nature is extremely incredible and renders man powerless. In seats, before the extraordinary fire, we hold Our hearts and can't engage book, thought Or one another (Wind) Man is weak, scared and caught, while the breeze is solid, predominant, and ground-breaking. Man is helpless before the breeze and the components and nature. John Keats expounds on how nature attempts to the advantage of humankind. Planning with him how to stack and favor With organic product the vines that round the cover eves run: To twist with apples the mossed cabin trees, (To Autumn) The sun schemes with pre-winter to deliver the natural product, which supplies man with food and drink. In Hawk Roosting, Ted Hughes describes nature as egotistical and that it has no consideration for anybody or anything other than itself. .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 , .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .postImageUrl , .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 , .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7:hover , .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7:visited , .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7:active { border:0!important; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7:active , .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7:hover { darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u a0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ua0689a2105a034 19f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Mimicry In Nature EssayThe accommodation of the high trees! The show lightness and the suns beam Are of favorable position to me: And the earths face upward for my investigation. The two writers utilize similar sounding word usage, sound similarity, caesura, analogies, similitudes, interesting expression, likeness in sound and enjambment. In Wind, Ted Hughes utilizes a lot of enjambment to include increasingly sensational impact. Wallowing dark straddling and blinding wet Till day rose; Our hearts and can't engage book, thought, Or one another. In the first it seems as though wind has carried on through the section onto the foll owing. Ted Hughes additionally utilizes ground-breaking similitudes, comparisons and embodiment. Winds rushing the fields (Wind) Ice Has got its lead into place. (October Dawn) John Keats, be that as it may, utilizes a wide determination of everything, except doesn't use as much exemplification as Ted Hughes. I presume that Ted Hughes has a very unique composing style to John Keats. Ted Hughes gives the impression of nature being a juggernaut that none can hinder its and exceptionally ground-breaking and regularly fierce, where as John Keats offers the other character of nature and how tranquil and delicate it very well may be.

After Graduating

After Graduating Hi everyone! It’s good to be back here, on this familiar platform but very different website. I’m so not used to it that I still drafted this post on Google Docs as I always did, though our new platform has a fancier back-end I could have used (unbeknownst to you all).   The last time I put up a blog post on MIT Admissions was about one year ago. I really should have come back before thenI owed Chris a blog about the time I went to San Diego Comic Con to talk about the Riri Pi Day video, but away I stayed. This is analogous somewhat to real lifeI still live in Cambridge, just a few blocks from campus, but intentionally keep the little distance I can manage. I have a fear of appearing too crufty, so while I keep in touch with current undergrads I was already friends with, I intentionally try not to make any new ones, and though I could still be more involved in some of my former student groups, I intentionally seek different and new activities. I felt it was important to feel a little separated in my new, “adult” life, precisely because I live so close to where I had just graduated from.   Astronaut Cady Coleman (!), myself, marine explorer Katie Croff Bell, Civic Media student Alexis Hope, and Media Lab Professor Danielle Wood speaking on an MIT-related comic con panel (its featured heavily in fiction, after all) My year after graduation was, I am now certain, very different from most students’ year after graduation (its really been about a year and a half now, but)  A lot of things happened to me that I am quite sure did not happen to other peopleor at least, not in quite the same combination. After graduating, I Began working at a robotics startup begun by MIT and Carnegie Mellon alumni, XYZ Robotics. They started in May 2018, and I started in July. For a period of about 2 months I was the only mechanical engineer.   Was a panelist at San Diego Comic Con to talk about the Riri video In October, traveled to Shanghai to be at my company’s China office for 3 months, and established our hardware engineering capability there. My mom is also from Shanghai, so it was a time to reflect on my relationship with the city and Chinese culture (which I also wrote about of course)   Startups are hard. I worked long hours, and while in China, there was a period where I worked three weeks straightno weekendsand part of it in an unheated warehouse. But I was learning a lot, and I felt good about that part of it.   In January, because I worked nonstop in China (no thanksgiving or Christmas there) I took a vacation to Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. In “Blues”, as the locals affectionately call it, I met up with Bothabo N. University of Pretoria ‘19. He was a Zimbabwean international student at the University of Pretoria in South Africa, who then did Pretoria’s exchange program with MIT, which is how I came to meet him (a double international student lol). We drove up to largest waterfall in the world, Mosi Oa Tunya (Lozi for the smoke that thunders, also known as Victoria Falls), to meet up with my friend Elvis, who’s a guy I met at a hostel in Denmark that runs a whitewater rafting business (a story for another time).   Myself on the tree, Bothabo on the left and Elvis on the right. Needless to say, we went whitewater rafting: Shortly after my return, I was laid-off from XYZ. No hard feelingsstartups are just like this sometimes, the world is capitalist, and I happened to be the least experienced person on the team (everyone else had at least a masters). Startups go through a lot of changes their first yearsfinancial issues, structural reorganization, redefining priorities, etc. I expected something or other to happen, given how new we werebut still, you’re never prepared for news like that.   For three months I was in Boston and unemployed.   During that three months, I collected unemployment benefits from the state of Massachusetts. Going to the unemployment officewhich enabled my paymentswas a stressful and difficult experience, and a period of deep soul-searching. It was one of the first times I’ve felt suffocated by the name “MIT”shouldn’t I be doing something more, being more, being less of a disappointment? Was I letting down my alma mater, which I left such a short time ago? I was comforted by seeing another person at the office wearing a Tufts sweaterI can’t decide if this is elitist in a weird way or not. Obviously, this caused multiple flare-ups of imposter syndrome.   The current me laughs gently at the past meI would get one offer (from a water company, actually) in the first month after being unemployed that I politely declined because it didn’t feel right. In March, I just took some time to myself and visited family in Denver and Toronto. I interviewed at a lot of places. I gradually got better at interviewing. Finally, I was offered 3 different positions, all in robotics, within the same week in April, and had to quickly decide between them (stressful, but a good problem to have!)   I now work at a government-contracting research lab, Triton Systems. I have more sleep and more weekends and still learn a lot, still get exposed to interesting work. I like the people I work with, and I like my team. It feels stable, something I wasn’t sure I wanted but I’m now glad I haveit gives me a little more time to think about what I really want to do with my life (and to write this blog post).   Since Triton is hella far (Lowell, MA) I bought my first car.   In the background of all this career stuff, I’m still writing. I have a Medium blog. I write about African music a lot, and someone reaches out to me about an up-and-coming artist, Kobi Jonz. I end up writing his professional bio, which was fun. I do writing just because I love it, and for truly no other reason. But somehow, there’s enough passion that opportunities just seem to find me, rather than the other way around.   Finally, the weekend rolls around for MIT 2019 commencement. But I’m not thereI’m at Dartmouth, supporting another friend who’s graduating. In 2019, unfortunately, a lot of African international students can no longer get visas for their parents to participate in this important milestone. So we patch together our communities into a family of sorts. It was an honor to be there. (also, Yo-yo Ma was the commencement speaker!)   I like to say that I think about this time of my life as the night you’re invited to a party, but you’re kind of sick, and so you say no and go to bed instead, despite the FOMO. It was a hard decision to choose Triton over yet another enticing, chaotic, and (likely) incredibly stressful startup. But I felt that I needed the space and time to think. A lot of things had been called into question my first year after schooleven my love for robotics. I realized what I am most driven by is impactI care less about the work I’m doing itself, and more about the impact it will have, on the world, on the communities I care most about. That is why I still think of the Muti Water Project as my biggest accomplishment. I joke about my ongoing “quarter life crisis”, but I’ve also been seriously looking into how I can get back, how I can go backdoing Fulbright in Ethiopia as a way to ease myself in, for example, or following other MIT startups in various African countries, or sometimes in the middle of the night I am seized by an urge to buy a ticket to Johannesburg and never look back. I have a lot of FOMOabout not being at a startup, about not being somewhere on the African continent, about still being in the US (especially after coming back from Shanghai), but I’m exercising some self-restraint.   I also needed the work-life balance of my current job to take better care of myself. This year, I started doing yoga 4 times a week at 6AM and began learning aerial acrobatics twice a week (one lesson and one open practice session). This is not something I talked about on the blogs a lot, but I’ve struggled since middle school with body image (what woman hasn’t on some level, really) and have felt empowered by doing exercise and eating well for the abilities I gain, rather than appearance. It’s cool to be able to get stronger, to do tricks in the air on silks, to feel more powerful, all without focusing much on inches or pounds or reflections in the mirror.   In the spring I attended the MIT Africa Innovate conference thanks to my friend, the esteemed Pelkins A. ‘18 who I featured in “[emailprotected]: Cassava Connection”. There I was excited to meet so many different people working on projects and startups throughout the continent. I also met Joe Shields, the founder of EthioChicken. Joe is a white American from the midwestern United States who started the largest industrial poultry farm in Ethiopia, which now serves multiple East African nations. I have tremendous respect from him, and he was very kind and gave me his contact information. But simply the fact that he was who he wassomeone with no Ethiopian background, with no connections to Ethiopia or to Africaand still did what he did, was inspiring. He was a humble and respectful personhe described his startup journey very realistically, as hacking together something, with a lot of wrong turns, that, with enough patience and hard work, eventually turned into something sustainabl e. Even after MIT and realizing the only thing to fear is fear itself, I still plague myself with fearsthat maybe people will not accept me as Ethiopian, that maybe I don’t speak Amharic well enough, that maybe, for those reasons, I am more likely to fail. Joe was the perfect counterexample.   So it’s been a year, and counting. Becoming a working adult is the process of realizing that life is both unfathomably long and terrifyingly short. Life is so long that you must fill it with things you enjoy, with purpose, with a reason for getting up on hundreds and thousands of mornings, a seemingly endless slog of days ahead of you. Life is too short, frustratingly short, so short that it seems impossible to accomplish anything actually significant, to exert any impact on the world, before the brief flame of your efforts is extinguished.   I’ve thought a lot about what I want to do in the future, and lived hundreds of possible lives while lying awake at 2AM. I lived a life where I get a masters in robotics and hop around companies until I find a breakthrough one whose culture I enjoy, exerting my impact by making technological innovation applicable and useful in the real world, advocating for minorities in STEM fields all the while. I lived a life where I move to Ethiopia and start a coffee processing business, selling to independent roasters in New England and then around the world. I lived a life where I go to business school and use my background in supply chain robotics to do supply chain management, maybe also integrating robots in the process, or using that to make African manufacturing hubs both efficient and ethical and “retiring” as a consultant for various startups.   I lived a life where I write a memoir about the mixed experience called “Ghost Girl” and ask my favorite Chinese-Jamaican artist to illustrate it.   I lived a life closer to the near future, where I do a Fulbright project in Ethiopia for nine months and then move to Denmark to work at Universal Robots before deciding on grad school.   I lived a life where I become a successful music blogger and manager, bringing underground artists from the African continent to perform in the United States, and “retiring” to run a cafe/venue/community space in Cambridge that exclusively sells Ethiopian coffee, has performances and poetry slams in the evenings, and can be booked by students and nonprofits at a free or greatly reduced rate.   I lived a life where I joined the media lab and did seminal research in robotics for performance art, using robots as creative tools for concerts There are many, many more.   Mostly what I have discovered is that I struggle to balance my many different interests and my moral obligations. I feel I have a moral obligation to my family and the greater symbols and systems beyond themunlike most of my peers, even including those who have ties to developing countries, I have close relatives who live near the global poverty line. It was only after meeting so many international students while in college that I realized my father’s journey was a miracle. It would still be a miracle, today and thirty years later, if someone from his hometown made it to college in the United States.   This comes with a sort of survivors’ guilt and other feelings of urgency, fear, and uncertainty. I don’t think I will be able to be at peace when I’m older if I don’t use at least part of my life to try to address that broader issueat least trying would be enough.   For the next year and a half or so, I plan to keep trying to find a direction. Though I will say that adult life is less stressful day-to-day than MIT, it’s forced me to address broader existential questions that I am still working through. But one thing that I am certain about is that I will never, ever regret getting an undergraduate education in engineering, even if I do something completely unrelated. As I wrote about in “Fight Fire with Fire” my freshman year, MIT was an incredible training ground, and it trained me to think and problem solve. It gave me a very concrete set of skills I can point to, and a set of skills that, frankly, will always be a cushion to return to if I decide to do something crazy and it doesn’t work out. It’s definitely not for everyone, and not everyone will agree with that philosophy, but it worked well for me and in this nebulous time, it is one of the few things that feels real and true.   I know that I can take that wherever I go next.   Now that I’m a Real Adult, I write mostly on my own blog, medium.com/@selamjie . You can also find me on selamjie.tumblr.com, twitter.com/selamjie, and this weird lifestyle/skincare blog I have called tryingmyvest.com (like I said, I have too many interests) Post Tagged #after graduating #alumni #life after MIT #work

Industrial Revolution and Contributions Essay - 909 Words

3. Discuss the causes of the Industrial Revolution from 1865-1895. Be specific in explaining how each point you make affected the economy. There were many factors that contributed to the industrial revolution. Money were popping up from a variety of different sources so business’ can expand, mining added silver and gold to bank reserves, investments from profits helped to stimulate the economy, and small investors started to invest in stocks because they thought it would help them get rich quicker Inventions played a key fact because there were new technology, and science that added to the industrial revolution. Issaic Singer patented the sewing machine and revolutionized textile. The Typewriter invented by Christopher Sholes,†¦show more content†¦Railroads stimulated other industries like steel, consuming  ¾Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s of it. Ships were converted from sail to steam power during the 19th century, which cut the time in half getting across the Atlantic. Cheaper labor, an abundant supply of low paid urban workers helped the industrial revolution, farmers moved into the cities, and hey found additional land hard to get so their income was not expanded. Nearly 20 million immigrants arrived in America and provided cheap labor. They tended to have less money and education than earlier European immigrants so they remained in larger cities and likely became cheap industrial labor. A high natural birth rate also added to the cheap labor supply, the lack of knowledge about birth control, as well as poor uneducated immigrants who didn’t know how to obtain it contributed to increase of birth. The first birth control clinic opened in new york city by Margaret Sanger There were many factors that contributed to the industrial revolution. Money was popping up from a variety of different sources so business’ can expand, mining added silver and gold to bank reserves, investments from profits helped to stimulate the economy, and small investors started to invest in stocks because they thought it would help them get rich quicker Inventions played a key fact because there were new technology, and science that added to the industrial revolution. Issaic Singer invented the sewing machine NO and revolutionizedShow MoreRelatedThe Contributions Of The Industrial Revolution And The Industrial Revolution1422 Words   |  6 Pagesallowing important moments like the suffrage movement to occur and have leverage. During the Industrial Revolution, production became more important than people as factory owners and businessmen rushed to create more and more product. An Enlightened thinker, Karl Marx, would argue that the Industrial Revolution, minimized the i mportance of people and alienated them from those around them. 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The industrial revolution took place in the late 18th century, and the most changes were in the fields of agriculture, transportation and the country’s economic growth. It then spends widely throughout Europe, North America and the rest of the world. First of all, the industrial revolution was an enormous time in the history. The employment was on a rise and reached a peak. It also lead the rural-urban migration by the people in search of good jobs, better standard ofRead MoreAssignment 3: Environmental Issues and the Industrial Revolution895 Words   |  4 PagesModule 1 Assignment 3 SCI201 Ecology and Environmental Sustainability Argosy University The Industrial Revolution, which took place in the 18th to the 19th centuries, was an era during which essentially uncultivated, rural societies in America and other countries became industrial and urban. Before the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain during the late 1700s, construction was mostly done by using hand tools or basic machines. Mechanization marked a shifted to powered, special-purposeRead MoreThus, Great Britain, the first of the world countries endured industrial revolution, to the middle900 Words   |  4 Pages Thus, Great Britain, the first of the world countries endured industrial revolution, to the middle of 19 century turns into the most powerful power possessing the biggest colonial empire which allowed to provide own industry with necessary and cheapest raw materials, and also an extensive sales market of finished products.Orientation of the major branches of production, and in particular textile, on the colonial market will have an adverse effect subsequently on economic development of Great BritainRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century973 Words   |  4 Pages The industrial revolution was a time of urbanisation, social and technological change that took place during the 18th and 19th centuries. Economic growth changed the British peoples experiences in all aspects of their lives including how they worked and travelled. Although it was harsh period of time for millions of people, due to the working conditions, it was also an advantage as it was a world-changing period of time. Before the industrial revolution took place, people lived their lives in aRead MoreManagement For A Small Planet : Book Review1356 Words   |  6 Pagessocial and economic concepts being introduced, which can be co related to sensitive environmental issues. This can help achieve a long term economic success within the limits of the ecosystem. The Earth is Small Planet Over the years of the Industrial Revolution, business organisations have ignored the effects on the Earth which has been caused due to their strategic decisions. In this new view, the organisations will function in an economy which co evolves with the environment and people. Over the

The Special Education Program in the Public Schools Essay

Abstract This paper provides information of the Special Education Program in the Public Schools. It analyzes the life of a child with disability and their educators. It also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the Special Education Program. Individuals who are not aware of the special education, or have a child in special education, will find this paper quite informative. It allows individuals to determine who are interested in the program, who qualifies, who does not qualify, how to get into the program, and what the special education is about. It provides information of the child’s feelings, self-esteem, and struggles he/she faced. You will find out what a teacher needs in order to qualify to handle a child in†¦show more content†¦The title, â€Å"Special education† refers to education for students who may require additional support to become successful individuals. In the public school system, from elementary to secondary they have a classroom where al l children with learning disabilities are able to interact with a teacher or teacher aid one on one. The amount of disorders that are helped and treated through the special education system is broad. It is so broad that they tend to students such as an individual who is not able to pay attention in an ordinary class, to students who are non-ambulatory, visually impaired, and deaf. The special education class allows students with learning disabilities to get individual attention that is needed in order for the student to focus and make it to the next step in life. Everything from the student’s setting to needs are planned and monitored. The special education teachers are able to provide support such as assisting with identified modifications to student’s academic and physical tasks in order to meet their needs and help their differences in the learning cycle. However, not all special education students need one on one teacher aids. The need for a one to one assistance is considered, depending on the individuals needs. In 2001, Wooster showed that, in 1975 the Education for all children act was renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)Show MoreRelatedHistorical Perspective of Sped1456 Words   |  6 PagesHistorical Foundation of Inclusive Education Based on the book of Teresita G. Inciong, Yolanda S. Quijano, Yolanda T. Capulong, Julieta A. Gregorio, and Adelaida C. Jines entitled Introduction To Special Education, it was during the year of 1902 and under the American regime that the Filipino children with disabilities were given the chance to be educated. Mr. Fred Atkinson, General Superintendent of Education, proposed to the Secretary of Public Instruction that the children whom he found deafRead MoreAudience About The Evolution Of Special Education1113 Words   |  5 Pagesthe evolution of special education. Central Idea: Special Education has transformed over time; placement testing and programs have become more advanced due to increased knowledge of disabilities and the use of technological advances. Introduction According to â€Å"The Condition of Education† from the National Center for Education statistics, or NCES, in the 2013-2014 schoolyear there were 6.7 million students, anywhere from the ages of three to twenty-one, receiving special education assistances. ThatRead MoreSchool Schools Vs. Public Schools1311 Words   |  6 Pageskids to school. There is a big debate among parents in choosing where to send their children to school. People want to give their child the best education. The two major style of schooling is public and private schools. Public schools are schools that are set up and run by the government. Private schools are schools that are privately owned and are not controlled by the government. Both schools have positive and negative aspects. There are many factors to look at when choosing the best school. WhenRead MoreMainstreaming Special Needs884 Words   |  4 PagesMainstreaming special needs The soaring cost of special education for disabled students has been appropriately integrated into public schools for the common good of all students from various social classes. Special education has had a deep histroy that has been characterized by a score of legislations that has set this form of education and how it is administered to assimilate students with learning disabilities into standard classrooms. In both the United Kingdom and the United States, the firstRead MoreSpecial Education And The Civil Rights Movement899 Words   |  4 PagesSpecial education is a relatively new concept in education. The question is why? Although, the Federal Government required all children to attend school since 1918, this did not apply to students with disabilities. Many state laws gave school districts the ability to deny access to individuals they deem â€Å"uneducable.† The term â€Å"uneducable† varied from state to state, school to school, and even individual to individual. If students were accepted into the school, they were placed in regular classroomsRead MoreChildren With Disabilities And Special Needs1426 Words   |  6 PagesOne hopes tha t all schools in the U.S. that have disabled and special needs students do everything they can to ensure that such students are treated in a fair way and granted their right to equal access to education. For years, students with disabilities and special needs were not given the right to education. Many were labeled as incapable or the term â€Å"special† someone who needs particular requirements which is now known as special needs. They were not valued because of their failures and many sawRead MoreI Attend The University Of California938 Words   |  4 PagesStudies. In addition to my major coursework, I completed sixty units of minor coursework in Education. This coursework laid the foundation for future academic coursework in education. While the coursework was mainly focused on education theory and reform, I completed a course in instructional pedagogy which included practicum hours at an alternative charter high school in collaboration with Santa Cruz City School and Ca brillo Community College. My overall GPA at UC Santa Cruz was a 3.5 and my GPA inRead MoreThe Victims Of Children With Disabilities1331 Words   |  6 Pagesdisability was still viewed as a personal tragedy. Many children were denied access to education and opportunities to learn. In 1967, 200,000 persons with disabilities resided in state institutions. Many of these restrictive settings provided only minimal food, clothing, and shelter. These institutions did not have the individuals with a disability assessed, educated, or rehabilitated. In 1970, U.S. public schools educated only one in five children with disabilities. Many states had laws excludingRead MoreThe Education For All Handicapped Children Act1680 Words   |  7 PagesPublic Law 94-142 The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, also know as Public Law 94-142, was signed into law by President Gerald Ford on November 29, 1975. IT took effect in 1997, and was deigned â€Å"to assure that all handicapped children have available to them a free appropriate public education which emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs† (BOOK). This is considered the â€Å"Bill of Rights† for children who have disabilities and for their familiesRead MoreSpecial Education in the US and Denmark1488 Words   |  6 PagesThe human right to have access to education is an international concern for people with disabilities. Countries have evolved from desegregation and separation to inclusive educational systems where students with disabilities. Denmark was one of the first countries for inclusion in school systems and special education within the regular school system has existed for 99 years, and special teacher training has a 66-year history (Egelund, 2000). The United States government has passed laws to include

Gender Roles Defined Free Essays

All the Pretty Horses would be widely considered a fairly typical western in the traditional sense. There are many of the common western tropes that exist explicitly and implicitly within the novel. While much of the idealistic â€Å"western† characteristics appear in a blatant manner, the novel is laced with incidents and dialogue of seemingly little consequence or significance at first glance. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Roles Defined or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many occurrences which are overlooked in the story that represent and support a common and major idea that is stated in a more major or explicit form at other times. The role of gender is one such idea. In the early stages of the novel, the conflict which sets the entire story in motion takes place as Cole’s mother has decided to sell the ranch now that his grandfather has died. Cole is distraught over this as the ranch is his desired lot in life. He attempts to talk to the familys attorney after attempts at persuasion with his mother fail only to reach similar end. The reasoning the attorney postulates for his mother’s decision is a minute detail of the scene but brings about an interesting and otentially underlying idea throughout the story. His rationalizes her motives on the basis that, â€Å"she’s a young woman and my guess is that she’s like to have a little more social life than what she’s used to† (McCarthy 17). This determination does not come off as explicitly Judgmental but simply a plausibly suggestion for her actions. Upon closer examination however, it proves to be more meaningful. The attorney is asserting Cole’s mother’s social life as a legitimate reason for her to forfeit the ranch her father had built from the ground up and worked so hard for. There is no such concern mentioned for the sixteen year old John Grady whom is interested in not only keeping the ranch, but running it himself. The adolescent stage of life in generally considered the pinnacle of social importance in society as adult relationships begin to form and develop. This is a very biased Judgment on the attorneys part based on a very glaring difference between Cole and his mother which is their gender. Mrs. Cole’s social obligations appear to him as a legitimate reason for her to back out of the hard work, and presumably things considered â€Å"man’s work† ecessary to run the ranch which she had inherited. It appears through his acceptance about Cole’s mother and her decision, reaction to Cole’s request, and lack of concern for his social needs that the attorney is convinced of his mother’s inability to run the ranch without much displeasure because of her gender inferiority. There is no question of the ability and willingness to struggle by both Cole and his grandfather but there is a quick dismissal of the lack of drive and ambition to keep the ranch by the female entity. Such a characteristic of women as playing an inferior role to males is shown elsewhere in the novel. Examples of this ideal being maintained in the story came also in more explicit form. One such an example is in an exchange between Rawlins and Blevins as they discuss the riding skills of Cole. Rawlins is fishing for a positive response from Blevins to support his highly held esteem of Cole so asks he poses a clearly untrue and negative statement that, † suppose I was to tell you he’s never been on a horse a girl couldn’t ride† (McCarthy 8). This assertion is intended to draw a clear reaction to me being false due to the absurdi ty ot a male, let alone the Jonn Grady Cole, be ot a lesser ability ot riding a horse than a female. The reference to the female gender inferiority in that statement is understood by Blevins despite not being in close relations previously with Rawlins which shows an encompassing ideal that women are inferior to men. The male superiority trope surfaces again later in the novel as Rawlins and Cole come across the ranch which they work for. Rawlins observes the use of female horses as work horses and is surprised by such an act. Well†¦ I can see why theyre hard on a horse. Putting up with them bitches† (McCarthy 102). Rawlins is suggesting by his surprise in the use of female horses to perform work as opposed to males that the females are incapable, whatever the species, of performing the tasks and duties that are expected of and within the ability of a male. Along with their inadequacy h e also sympathizes with the ranchers having to deal with the less desirable temperament of he females and promotes the subsequent assertion of physical dominance over the animals do to their supposed inferior gender. Such dominance would be easy to gain due to the lack of supposed equality between rider and horse as the riders are male and therefore more capable according to the ideology. Gender inadequacy is even given as verbally explicit presence in the eyes of the novel as possible when Alfonsa. Her concern for the relationship between Alejandra and Cole rests in the unfair but concrete views of society on the morals of women compared to that of men â€Å"There is o forgiveness. For women. A man may lose his honor and regain it again. But a woman cannot. She cannot† (McCarthy 137). Alfonsa’s extremely blunt but realistic views on how people perceive and forgive actions committed by men and women paints a black and white picture of the glaring inadequacy the novel’s ideals carry for gender. Essentially she is saying that males lay above reproach or at least may atone for their sins or supposed sins but females are held to a much harsher standard with a greater punishment in that they cannot regain the positive image society has nitially placed upon them no matter what action that take to rectify simply because of their sex alone. The implicit and roundabout assertion of the attorney to Cole lay the foundation for a very prominent ideal of the story. Female inferiority to males is illustrated explicitly and has no bounds in terms of the realm of inadequacy or even the species as it appears to be universal. Such flaws of women can’t even be atoned for in the eyes of the story as forgiveness is only available to those fortunate enough to be seen in society as forgivable because of their superiority. How to cite Gender Roles Defined, Papers

Jamaica Essays (1025 words) - Island Countries, British West Indies

Jamaica Jamaica Close your eyes and picture a beautiful sunset meeting far away on the shimmering clear blue water in front of you. You feel a cool breeze and a hot sun against your skin and the feeling of the warm sand beneath your feet. You walk forward and feel the refreshing water wet your legs and you are tickled as a school of tropical fish passes you by. You spot the palm trees and wild plants off the shore. Are you in an unreal paradise? Yes I have. It is Jamaica. Geographical Location Jamaica is blessed with superb geographical location and resources that makes it a great vacation spot. It is an island country south of Cuba and north of South America. So you must fly or sail there. Its short distance from the United States makes it a short distance from here and that is great for fliers. It is probably a four -hour flight. Jamaica is only about 17 degrees above the equator so it is very warm all year round. (Grab your sunglasses and tanning oil!) Land and Resources Everyone sees the commercials for the white-sanded beaches and the clear blue water but Jamaica's terrain is mountainous except for those several tracts of lowlands that you see on TV. In fact Blue Mountain's, that is the highest mountain in Jamaica, is 7402 ft. There are many smaller mountains with many traverse spurs that extend west to the extremity of the island making a gigantic plateau. So if you plan on going to Jamaica you had better think of bringing your hiking boots. Lead and Salt deposits can be found on the island and rich soils can be found on the coastal plains. The island is also equipped with excellent natural harbors, including those at Kingston, Saint Ann's Bay, Montego Bay, and Port Maria. There is no volcanic activity in Jamaica but it is subject to severe earthquakes. Plants and Animals Jamaica is filled with luxurious and diverse vegetation. More than 200 species have been identified. The indigenous tree include such as the cedar, mahogany, rosewood, ebony, coconut palm, and pimento. Introduced varieties such as the mango, breadfruit, banana, and plantain also flourish the island. Jamaican animal life generally includes highly diverse bird life. This group includes Parrots, hummingbirds, cuckoos, and green todies. No large four-legged animals or venomous reptiles exist there. Culture Jamaica is not only blessed with great plenty of natural wonders but it's people and their culture are probably it's greatest resource, and that is what draws the people to the island. Jamaica's great dependency on Great Britain form the past 300 years shows in the language they speak and in their customs, which are combined with African influences. Bob Marley, Jimmy Cliff, made Reggae, a distinctively syncopated style of Jamaican music popular in the 20th century. It was a great influence on rock in the middle of the 80's, especially in Britain. Government The Jamaica constitution, promulgated in 1962, established a parliamentary system of government patterned after that of Great Britain. The Prime Minister is the head of the government. The British monarch is the head of the state and is represented by a governor general, who is appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister. There is an Executive branch, a Legislative branch, and a Judiciary branch. Their government is quite like ours. The Prime Minister has a lot of power, kind of like our president. Jamaica has two political parties. The People's National Party (PNP) is one. It is socialist in orientation. The other is the Jamaica Labour Group (JLP) which supports free enterprise in a mixed economy. A minor party is the Jamaica American Party, which favors U.S. statehood for Jamaica. Language and Religion In Jamaica, the principle language spoken by the people is English. It is spoken with a local dialect that includes African, Spanish, and French elements. Christianity is the main religion practiced in Jamaica. Other religious groups are Baptists, Anglicans, Seventh-day Adventists, Pentecostalists, and Roman Catholic. In addition several Jewish, Muslim, and Hindu communities exist. A number of popular groups, such as Pocomania and Rastafarianism, are significant and famous in the Jamaican religious life. History Members of the Arawak tribe were the aboriginal inhabitants of the island. They

Message confidentiality Essays

Message confidentiality Essays Message confidentiality Essay Message confidentiality Essay Secret key cryptography is also known as Symmetric Encryption. Here same key is used for both the Encryption and Decryption processes [1]. In this approach, sender and receiver both should know the algorithm to use and the secret key. Sender and receiver should be kept the key secret and they should obtain the key in a secured way [2]. Most commonly used secret key cryptography algorithms are DES, 3DES, RC4 etc [1]. In this test DES has been used to encrypt/decrypt an arbitrary message. Here Base64 encoding has also been used to encode the message. We know that, while sending SMTP e-mails with attachments normal text files can be attached in plain text format, but binary files (such as image files) cannot be attached in the same way. Binary files need some sort of encoding process to be attached with STMP mail. And the most widely used encoding is Base64 [3]. Description of DES algorithm DES Encryption Process DES has a very strong internal structure [2]. The following figure presents an overview of the DES encryption process. Figure 1: DES Encryption process In DES encryption process 2 inputs are provided to the encryption function: a 64 bit plain text and a 56 bit secret key. At first, the 64-bit plaintext is initially permuted. In the next step combination of a permutation and substitution function is executed 16 times, it makes 16 rounds. Left half and right half of the output from the last round are swapped and permuted again. This permutation is an inverse function of the initial permutation function. At last we get a 64 bit cipher text as an output of the whole process [2]. DES Decryption Process DES decryption process uses the same algorithm as DES encryption process. But in this case the application of the subkeys is reversed [2]. Strength of DES The main strength of DES is usage of 56 bit keys. For using 56-bit long keys the number of possible key is 256 and so the bruit force attack needs 255 attempts which is quite impractical to complete. So DES is strong against Brute force attack. It is also strong against Differential Cryptanalysis and Linear Cryptanalysis as they need 247 and 243 attempts respectively [4]. Base64 Data Representation Base64 data representation is based on a 64 character alphabet [3]. The alphabet is presented in the following table. Sequence Characters 0 25 A Z 26 51 a z 52 61 0 9 62 + 63 / Table 1: Base64 Alphabet A binary file is a series of zeros and ones [3]. These bits are represented with a 0 or 1 character. In Base64 data encoding at first the zeros and ones are grouped into sets of 6 characters. Then these blocks of bits are converted by a single character, which can be calculated from table 1. In this way 6 characters are replaced by a single one. Thus Base64 alphabet allows converting binary zeros and ones into a compressed and human readable format [3]. Description of the demo Programming Language Java Java has been used here to implement DES including Base64. Java has been chosen as it has some advantages such as it is open source, platform independent, and it has automatic memory management [5]. Besides, the Java platform has some built in packages that make cryptographic implementation easier. Source code Result of test run The test result was as follows. Conclusion According to Microsoft Confidentiality is the ability to keep a message unreadable by anyone other than the intended recipient; this is achieved through cryptography [6]. So here to achieve confidentiality DES algorithm has been used including Base64 encoding and also have successfully retrieved the original message by using decryption process. Reference: [1] Secret Key Cryptography, sequi. com/SEQUI_VPN_Glossary. htm [2] William Stallings, Cryptography and Network Security, 4th Edition (Nov 16, 2005), chap 3. [3] Randy Charles Morin, How to Base64 kbcafe. com/articles/HowTo. Base64. pdf

The Case of Convicted Killer Jeffrey MacDonald

The Case of Convicted Killer Jeffrey MacDonald On February 17, 1970, a horrific crime took place in the Fort Bragg, North Carolina army base home of U.S. Army surgeon Captain Jeffrey MacDonald. The doctor claimed strangers had broken in, attacked him, and slaughtered his pregnant wife and their two young daughters in a manner that eerily resembled the recent Tate-LaBianca murders carried out by the Manson Family in California. Army investigators didnt buy his story. MacDonald was charged with the murders but later released. Though the case was dismissed, it was far from over. In 1974, a grand jury was convened. MacDonald, now a civilian, was indicted for murder the following year. In 1979, he was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to three consecutive life sentences. Even in the face of conviction, MacDonald has staunchly maintained his innocence and launched numerous appeals. Many people believe him; others do not, including Fatal Vision author Joe McGinnis, who was engaged by MacDonald to write a book exonerating him- but got one condemning him instead. Jeffrey and Colette MacDonalds Bright Beginnings Jeffrey MacDonald and Colette Stevenson grew up in Patchogue, New York. Theyd known one another since grade school. They began dating in high school and the relationship continued during their college years. Jeffrey was at Princeton and Colette attended Skidmore. Just two years into college, in the fall of 1963, the couple decided to marry. By April 1964, their first child Kimberly was born. Colette put her education on hold to become a full-time mother while Jeffrey continued his studies. After Princeton, MacDonald attended Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago. While there, the couples second child Kristen Jean was born in May 1967. Times were tough financially for the young family but the future looked bright. After graduating from medical school the following year and completing his internship at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in New York City, MacDonald decided to join the U.S. Army. The family relocated to Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Advancement came quickly for Captain MacDonald, who was soon appointed Group Surgeon to the Special Forces (Green Berets). Colette was enjoying her role as a busy homemaker and mother of two but she had plans to return to college with the eventual goal of becoming a teacher. Over the Christmas holidays in 1969, Colette let friends know that Jeff would not be going to Vietnam as theyd feared he might. For the MacDonalds, life seemed normal and happy. Colette was expecting a third child- a boy- in July but just two months into the new year, Colettes life and those of her children would come to a tragic and terrifying end. A Horrific Crime Scene On February 17, 1970, an emergency call was forwarded from an operator to the military police at Fort Bragg. Captain Jeffrey MacDonald was pleading for help. He begged for someone to send an ambulance to his home. When the MPs got to the MacDonald residence, they found 26-year-old Colette, along with her two children, 5-year-old Kristen and 2-year-old, Kimberly, dead. Lying beside Colette was Captain Jeffrey MacDonald, his arm stretched over his wifes body. MacDonald was wounded but alive. Kenneth Mica, one of the first MPs to arrive on the scene, discovered the bodies of Colette and the two girls. Colette was on her back, her chest partially covered by a torn pajama top. Her face and head had been battered. She was covered in blood. Kimberlys head had been bludgeoned. The child also suffered stab wounds on her neck. Kristen had been stabbed in her chest and back 33 times with a knife and 15 more with an icepick. The word Pig was scrawled in blood on the headboard in the master bedroom. MacDonald appeared to be unconscious. Mica performed mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. When MacDonald came to, he complained of not being able to breathe. Mica says that while MacDonald did request medical attention, he attempted to shove him away, urgently demanding that the MP tend to his children and wife instead. The Woman in the Floppy Hat When Mica questioned MacDonald about what had happened, MacDonald told him that three male intruders accompanied by a hippie-type woman had broken into the home and attacked him and his family. According to MacDonald, a blonde female, wearing a floppy hat, high-heeled boots and holding a candle had chanted, Acid is groovy. Kill the pigs, as the carnage took place. Mica recalled noticing a woman who fit that description while en route to the crime scene. She was standing outside in the rain on a street not far from the MacDonald home. Mica informed a superior at the armys Criminal Investigation Division (CID) about having seen the woman but says his observations were ignored. The CID chose to remain focused on the physical evidence and the statements MacDonald made regarding the crimes to formulate their theory of the case. The First Murder Charges At the hospital, MacDonald was treated for wounds to his head, as well as various cuts and bruises to his shoulders, chest, hand, and fingers. He also sustained several puncture wounds around his heart, including one that punctured his lung, causing it to collapse. MacDonald remained hospitalized for a week, leaving only to attend the funerals of his wife and daughters. MacDonald was released from the hospital on February 25, 1970. On April 6, 1970, MacDonald underwent an extensive interrogation by CID investigators, who concluded that MacDonalds injuries were superficial and self-inflicted. They believed that his story about intruders was a fabrication created as a coverup and that MacDonald himself was responsible for the murders. On May 1, 1970, Captain Jeffrey MacDonald was formally charged by the U.S. Army for the murder of his family. Five months later, however, Colonel Warren Rock, the presiding officer over the Article 32 hearing, recommended that the charges be dropped, citing insufficient evidence to indict. MacDonalds defense civilian defense attorney Bernard L. Segal had argued that the CID botched their jobs at the crime scene, losing or compromising valuable evidence. He also floated a credible theory of alternative suspects, claiming to have found Helena Stoeckley, the woman in the floppy hat, and her boyfriend, a drug-using army veteran named Greg Mitchell, as well as witnesses who claimed Stoeckley had confessed to her involvement in the murders. After a five-month inquisition, MacDonald was released and received an honorable discharge in December. By July  1971 he was in living in Long Beach, California, and working at the St. Mary Medical Center. Colettes Parents Turn Against MacDonald Initially, Colettes mother and stepfather, Mildred and Freddie Kassab, fully supported MacDonald, believing him innocent. Freddie Kassab testified for MacDonald at his Article 32 hearing. But all that changed when they reportedly received a disturbing phone call from MacDonald in November 1970, during which he claimed to have hunted down and killed one of the intruders. While MacDonald explained away the call as an attempt to get an obsessive Freddie Kassab to let go of the investigation, the revenge story made the Kassabs uneasy. Their suspicions were stoked by several media appearances MacDonald made, including one on The Dick Cavett Show in which he showed no signs of grief or outrage over the murders of his family. Instead, MacDonald spoke angrily of the Armys mishandling of the case, going so far as to accuse CID investigators of lying, covering up evidence, and scapegoating him for their bungling. MacDonalds behavior and what they deemed arrogant demeanor led the Kassabs to think that MacDonald might have actually murdered their daughter and grandchildren after all. After reading a full transcript of MacDonalds Article 32 hearing, they were convinced. Believing MacDonald to be guilty, In 1971, Freddie Kassab and CID investigators returned to the crime scene, where they attempted to recreate the events of the killings as described by MacDonald, only to arrive at the conclusion that his account was totally implausible. Concerned that MacDonald was going to get away with murder, in April of 1974 the aging Kassabs filed a citizens complaint against their former son-in-law. In August, a grand jury convened to hear the case in Raleigh, North Carolina. MacDonald waived his rights and appeared as the first witness.  In 1975, MacDonald was indicted on one count of first-degree murder in the death of one of his daughters, and two counts of second-degree murder for the deaths of his wife and second child. While MacDonald awaited trial, he was released on $100,000 bail. During this time, his lawyers appealed to the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals to dismiss the charges on the grounds that his right to a speedy trial had been violated. The decision was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court in on May 1, 1978, and MacDonald was remanded for trial. The Trial and the Verdict The trial opened on July 16, 1979, in Federal Court in Raleigh, North Carolina with Judge Franklin Dupree presiding (the same judge who’d heard Grand Jury arguments five years before). The prosecution entered into evidence a 1970 Esquire magazine found at the crime scene. The issue featured an article on the Manson family murders, which they argued had given MacDonald the blueprint for his so-called â€Å"hippie† murder scenario. The prosecution also called an FBI lab technician whose testimony regarding physical evidence from the stabbings wholly contradicted the events as described by MacDonald. In Helena Stoeckley’s testimony, she claimed never to have been inside the MacDonald’s home. When the defense attempted to call rebuttal witnesses to refute her assertions, they were denied by Judge Dupree. MacDonald took the stand in his own defense but despite a lack of motive, he was unable to come up with a convincing argument to disprove the prosecution’s theory of the murders. On August 26, 1979, he was convicted of second-degree murder for the deaths of Collette and Kimberly, and first-degree murder of Kristen.   The Appeals On July 29, 1980, a panel of the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals overturned MacDonald’s conviction, again as a violation of his 6th Amendment right to a speedy trial. In August, he was released on $100,000 bail. MacDonald returned to his job as the Head of Emergency Medicine at the Long Beach Medical Center. When the case was heard once again in December, the 4th Circuit upheld their earlier decision but the U.S. government appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Oral arguments in the case took place in December 1981. On March 31, 1982, the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 that MacDonald’s right to a speedy trial had not been violated. He was sent back to prison. Subsequent appeals to the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court have been denied. A 2014 appeal was based on DNA testing of hairs found on Collette’s leg and hands that didn’t match any member of the MacDonald family. It was denied in December of 2018. MacDonald continues to maintain his innocence. He was originally eligible for parole in 1990 but refused to consider it because he says it would have been an admission of guilt. He’s since remarried and is next eligible for parole in May 2020.   Sources The MacDonald Case Website.McGinnis, Joe, FatalVision. New American Library, August 1983Lavois, Denise. â€Å"‘Fatal Vision’ Doctor Denied New Trial in Family Triple Murder.† Associated Press/Army Times. December 21, 2018Balestrieri, Steve. â€Å"Jeffrey MacDonald Stands Trial For His Wife and Daughters Murders in 1979.† Special Operations. July 17, 2018

Critically Evaluate the Competitiveness of the International Essay

Critically Evaluate the Competitiveness of the International Hospitality Industry in the Context of Globalization - Essay Example The advancements in information technology have made it more convenient for hotels, restaurants, and the hospitality industry to gain access to a wider audience and a wider consumer base. With these considerations, this paper shall critically evaluate the competitiveness of the international hospitality industry in the context of globalization. A discussion on the globalization drivers shall first be laid out followed by a discussion on the following aspects: the impact of globalization, impact of transnational companies and multinational companies and deregulation, impact of globalization on SMEs, taxation and economic leakage, inequality in globalization, and the future of the hospitality industry. Body Globalization drivers The competitiveness of the international hospitality industry in the context of globalization is impacted by different factors. One of these factors includes the globalization drivers, which are mainly, cost, market, government, and competitive drivers. Market drivers for globalization are very much based on common customer needs, and are also based on global market channels and global customers (University of Kentucky, n.d). The strength of market drivers are evaluated from a range of multidomestic markets to the global market. For example, the market for specific foods or cuisines would likely find greater success in the local or domestic setting; however, the market for automobiles, computers, and hotels, fast food chains can be high on the global scale (University of Kentucky, n.d). Cost drivers are also drivers for globalization and include elements which relate to global-sized economies, including source efficiencies, production differences, high production development costs, as well as rapidly shifting technologies (Jager, 2009). The Science Initiative Group Institute for Advanced Study (2007) discusses that globalization is driven by cost which is largely based on the economic conditions of organizations. The persistent pressures on the â€Å"economies of scale, advances in technology, and increasing cost of product development are factors that are relevant in this grouping† (Summers, 2005, p. 284). The emergence of innovations adapted by those involved in the hospitality industry determines the costs incurred, and thereby impacts significantly on the call for globalization. In this case, advances in the manner of doing business, including internet availability and advertisements impact on trade costs, prompting other businessmen in the hospitality industry to consider these same innovations (Whitla, Walters, and Davies, 2007). The actions of these drivers are based on other competitors (Summers, 2005). Elements which include increased world trade, new global markets, growth of global economies, and the increased number of competitors all impact on this driver, triggering considerations of globalization (Summers, 2005). Increasing competition among corporations and businesses in the hope of winning ov er customer consumption preferences has also prompted many corporations to improve the marketability of their products. Current trends in most products include the digitalization trends, where most products have now shifted towards digital versions –

Economic crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economic crisis - Essay Example Eventually, the crash of the entire world's economy was at stake. How did this happen What were the events that led up to it Will it ever end Is the debt bigger than the size of the economy Who is to determine who losses money and who can get his investments back Is this crisis only for the poor or will it make the rich poor According to Day, the main cause of the economic crisis is the "excess credit creation" over a long time period. As mentioned earlier the interest rate was really low and there was creation of 'artificial' money in the economy, which eventually led to "speculation and mal-investment." He also says that this is not one of the "normal cyclical" crisis. A normal cyclical crisis is when an economy faces recession after witnessing economic boom, but this one is much more than that it is not involving only one economy but the world economy. Also it is not something which happened suddenly rather it has been fueled over many years, it is referred to as a "secular de-leveraging contraction" (Day, p.1). The inefficient "Federal Reserve monetary policy" during the first few years of this decade might have been the reason for this financial crisis. It is sometimes thought by financial experts and economists that this crisis could have occurred in 2001 due to the flaws in the policies. The world economy, especially the United States economy suffered many losses due to the bursting of the dot com bubble. Other social acts such as the attack on world trade center and the war against terrorism also contributed towards the slow growth of the economy. Carefully and cleverly the financial experts avoided the crisis to happen in 2001 and prolonged its occurrence by ""keeping interest rates at abnormally low levels." Instead of addressing the problem the Fed authorities and policies kept advancing the high levels of liquidity in financial system they also "discouraged aversion to risk" not only in US but also among the "international investors" (Olivia, p. 5-6). Yet another issue was the "low interest rates," as the idea of "private consumption" was widely accepted in the US, and the government was acting as a natural right activist and fighting for the rights of the people of the world. Thus the amount of expenditure amounted to be really large. In order to maintain all forms of spending the levels of "debt" increased to a phenomenal level. This is usually knows as "global imbalances." The biggest problem however was the inefficiency of the entire financial system. This inefficiency was seen throughout the world and not only in the United States; the financial institutions were not following any strict regime or regulation before granting people access to use money (Olivia, p. 6). In November of 2007, the NASDAQ went down by 1,500 levels and Dow Jones touched because of fall in the retail sales. The same effect was seen in "Japan, Germany and Canada." Even companies in Asia, specifically India, started announcing decline in sales. Still there was no decline seen in the lending activities, however the falling rates of consumption

Season Of Migration To The North | Analysis

Season Of Migration To The North | Analysis Season of Migration to the North tells the story of Mustafa Saeed, a prodigy from Sudan who goes to study first in Cairo and then in London, where he hunts women but eventually falls for one himself. After a marriage consummated by violence and a prison sentence, he returns to Sudan, moving to a small village on the Nile, where he marries again and has children. He disappears mysteriously in a flood. Season of Migration to the North is complex, in its framing, in its episodic style, in its use of metaphor, and in the variety of material it canvasses. It touches on colonial arrogance, sexual mores and the status of women, the politics of independent Sudan, and more. There are lyrical fragments with no direct connection to the story, describing the rhythms of agriculture, travel along the Nile, a spontaneous night celebration by travellers in the desert, and so forth. And there are references to European novels about encounters with the exotic in Africa and the Middle East. Most of thi s is only hinted at, and never elaborated on, but there is enough here to keep students of post-colonial literature busy for a long time. Season of Migration to the North is short and immediate, however, and can be appreciated without any literary theory. http://dannyreviews.com/h/Season_Migration_North.html Most of the rest of the novel concerns his recollections of the exceedingly strange story that MS tells him a story which haunts and oppresses, yet also challenges him in terms of defining his own value system in postcolonial Sudanese society in the context of the new rulers of Africa, smooth of face, lupine of mouth, in suits of fine mohair and expensive silk (118). The life story MS had narrated began with the account of his (British, colonial) schooling, which had led him to the discovery of his own mind, like a sharp knife, cutting with cold effectiveness (22). So brilliant is he that from Khartoum he is sent to Cairo and then to London for advanced study here he is nicknamed the black Englishman (54). In British society he becomes a sexual predator, setting up as his lair a room seductively decorated with ersatz African paraphernalia. Englishwomen of a wide range of classes and ages easily succumb to and are destroyed by him. Three of these women are driven to suicide; while he eventually murders the most provocative of them, who had humiliated and taunted him before and also during their stormy marriage. This act (a sort of sex-murder) is in his own eyes, however, the grand consummation of his life: The sensation that I have bedded the goddess of Death and gazed out upon Hell from the aperture of her eyes its a feeling no man can imagine. The taste of that night stays on in my mouth, preventing me from savouring anything else. (153) Elsewhere MS says of this relationship that he was the invader who had come from the South, and this was the icy battlefield from which [he] would not make a safe return (160). On his return to the village, the narrator at last enters a secret room that MS had built next to his home a replica of a British gentlemans drawing room! Pride of place has been given to MSs painting of his white wife, Jean Morris. The room also contains a book, purportedly the Life Story of MS, dedicated To those who see with one eye and see things as either Eastern or Western (150-151). This brief account cannot accommodate the complicated structure, subtle allusiveness and richly metaphoric style of this difficult text, but may give some indication of its ironic (or sardonic) perspective and of its deep and lasting relevance to the political and cultural predicament of many Africans. Its demonstration of the harsh parallels between colonial racism and local sexism confirms that this text is, as Salih himself has stated, a plea for toleration at all levels. It is an unforgettable work. http://www.arabworldbooks.com/Readers2004/articles/tayebsaleh2E.html That being said, the second storyline, told by Mustafa, a stranger to the village, revolves around him using weak British women for sex and then leaving them so heart-broken they turn to suicide. While its easy to read this as a comment more on colonisation, I still felt uncomfortable seeing so many women reduced to objects or symbols. Since Mustafa was telling the story, though, I believe the objectification rested with him and his character, as opposed to Salih. This didnt necessarily make reading it any more pleasant, but it did justify it, for me at least. Can you sense the murkiness I feel on this aspect of the book? My wrestling with it made my experience of the book less enjoyable, but it didnt diminish the books worth in my eyes. I didnt feel a similar inner battle over the issues of colonisation raised in the book. Mustafa is the primary engine of this; he tells his story of being a smart, poor kid from Sudan who ends up going first to Cairo and then to London to become a fa mous economics professor who simultaneously seems to spend most of his energy sleeping with white British women. He basically learns how to turn British prejudices about the exotic to his advantage, and he talks about seducing girls with stories of imaginary animals running across the harsh, evocative landscape of his childhood. Throughout his narrative, hes portrayed as lacking something vitally human, a kind of warmth towards his fellow species that leaves him all cold intellectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as a young boy, he doesnt know how to connect with his schoolmates and doesnt even seem bothered by his friendlessness. And once hes an adult, while he must enjoy sex (why else seduce so many women?), he never feels any emotional attachment to the women, and I dont think he even sees it as a way to connect so much as a way to use and dominate. None of the women he encounters are ever shown as real human beings, although the only one to resist him does have more complexity about her than the o thers. As I mentioned in the above paragraph, its all too easy to read this as a metaphor for colonisation. But even while Salih is exploring this, he never makes it a black-and-white issueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦nuances and complexities are explored, and he leaves up to the reader to try to figure out whats being said Your comments on Mustafas emotional coldness exploitation of white women even as theyre also exploiting him reminds me SO strongly of Ellisons Invisible Man, and the narrators conflicted relationship with white women in that novel. Like you with Season of Migration to the North, I was never sure how to feel about that aspect of the story, especially since I cant help locating the objectification with Ellison as well as his narrator. Complicated stuff. During the whole story I was anticipating a shocking twist at the end where we find out that Mustafa Saeed and the narrator are the same person. At the end of the book I noticed the narrator was swimming in the Nile river when he finally decides consciously on living, and that Mustafa Saeed had dissapeared earlier in the story while swimming in the Nile. This suggests possibly that they are the same character, although not clearly enough to leave me satisfied with such a conclusion. Over at wikipedia they must have had a similar idea, because they described Mustafa Saeed as the narrators doppelganger. Their explanation lead me to believe that maybe the narrator had came back so shook from his experience in the West that he didnt know if he wanted to live anymore, and so he had viewed himself in 3rd person through the character of Mustafa Saeed and then finally decided on living while swimming the Nile! NYRB Classics: Season of Migration to the North and Alone!  Alone! Font and Edna return to Egypt at the eruption of the Suez crisis, but Ram stays on in Britain, is ejected because his visa has lapsed, and then works for a period in a factory in Germany. He is afraid of seeing Edna again when he gets back to Cairo and he also avoids seeing Didi Nackla, a young Egyptian journalist who had later lived with them in London. There he had turned to Didi, despairing of Ednas feelings for him, and initiated a sexual relationship with her. Self-deprecating as he is, Ram allows us only glimpses of the actually hugely risky political business he is engaged in. He has been collecting evidence of the torture and murder of political activists in Egyptian jails, where (in a pattern typical of this society) wealthier or higher-class prisoners will not be subjected to such treatment. http://www.litnet.co.za/cgi-bin/giga.cgi?cmd=cause_dir_news_itemnews_id=51970cause_id=1270 England is leaving Egypt, finally, in 1954. The Egyptian army has overthrown the royal family and instituted a republican system that both embodies the nationalistic and progressive hope of many Egyptians, and also becomes increasingly repressive. The characters, Ram and Font, are Egyptians who are Anglophone and upper class, and so are out of touch with the new order. Ram is an educated, well-connected Copt, probably in his mid-twenties. His best friend is Font, another Copt. Ram and Font spent four years in England and are obsessed with English civilization and culture, but they also despise British colonialism and hypocrisy and they participated in guerilla fighting against the British during the Suez War. The Egypt of BEER IN THE SNOOKER CLUB is at a stage of political, economic, and religious uncertainty or indecision. One of the central issues of the novel is, What is an Egyptian? And the same uncertainty or indecision extends to Rams personal life: what to do with himself, whether or not to live attached to the purse strings of his rich aunt, whether or not to marry, and who? He has been educated in the British school system in Cairo, and dreaming of the mythical London of Piccadilly Circus and pubs, he and his best friends, Font and Edna, travel to England to experience sexual and political freedom and find as well dreariness and meanness and small-mindedness. There he and his lover, Edna, drift apart, and he returns to Cairo understanding that England has killed something natural in him. Sunday, May 20, 2007 How to be kind? And thoughts on Beer in the Snooker Club It occurs to me that people in England, at least, are starved of opportunities to be kind, to be useful. If one watches the eagerness with which people jump up on the bus when someone even approaching old age gets on, and the keenness with which a stranger directs you to the address you cannot find, or gives unsolicited advice in a shop, then one feels the terrible and unexploited desire to be good, when so many situations call for one to be cynical: critical and uncompromising for fear of being taken advantage of, being laughed at, being unnatural. Our suspicion is thus killing something in us, for it reveals to us day in, day out, the frightful, hard, trapped creature we have become, with our knowing faces frozen in a semi-permanent frown or sneer. On a suffocating coach ride, Bath-London, the hulking vehicle turned a difficult corner, and I observed from the window an elderly man making a signal to the driver that is was clear and safe for him to advance. It was a completely superfluous, foolish act, as red-lights prevented the other cars from advancing into our slowly turning rear end, but who amongst us would have wanted to shout out, what are you doing old man; there is no need for your help.? After I finished reading Beer in the Snooker Club by Egyptian writer Waguih Ghali, I lived for a long time with that book in my flat in Cairo overlooking the depressing Ministry of the Interior, and wandering the streets of downtown, burdened further with the thought of Ghali killing himself in the spare bedroom of British publisher, Diana Athill. I felt an immense sorrow that I could not fully explain by my own loneliness as a foreigner. Later I returned to the novel and considered Rams role in his own life, and found it an excruciatingly circumscribed and pitiful one. Ram, that narrator of Beer in the Snooker Club, born to a landowning Coptic Christian family, is the only son of the poor relative: his mother was widowed young and now relies upon the generosity with all its attendant obligations of her siblings. He has been educated in the British school system in Cairo, and dreaming of the mythical London of Piccadilly Circus and pubs, he and his best friends, Font and Edna, travel to England to experience sexual and political freedom and find as well dreariness and meanness and small-mindedness. There he and his lover, Edna, drift apart, and he returns to Cairo understanding that England has killed something natural in him. What Ram subsequently fails to do is to act out his compassion, and desire for other people. And this is during a period in Egypt, the late 1950s, post the 1952 revolution, when the young people are moving out of the spaces and roles formerly proscribed entirely for them by their parents, a corrupt elite and the British presence. Font a dogmatic Marxist, scornful of his privileged roots, adopts the garb and posture of a street vegetable seller. Ram, finds this absurdly and depressingly gimmicky just as the communism of Edna, an Egyptian Jew, and her incessant championing of the fellaheen leaves him cold. So, he reasons, to act righteously in the defense of the downtrodden, is to be a parody both of oneself and ones roots, and of those that one is claiming to stand up for; it is to proscribe who and what is authentically Egyptian and to disdain and reject everything even ones innocent childhood and everyone else that does not take this purging seriously. Ram does act briefly alone and secretly to send photographs to the newspapers that expose abuses by the government. But he jokes that for his pains the real risks involved, he prefers the idea of having gone to prison, rather than the heroic act of actually going. His potent hatred of his wealthy French-speaking familys disingenuineness, their greed and cowardice and sham magnanimousness, does not provoke him to act and speak upon any legitimised, public platform against both them and their class. Rather, Ram chooses to expose himself to ridicule and mere disapproval by performing apparently childish pranks pushing his odious American-educated cousin into the pool, making a scene at a society party. By making it impossible for anyone around him to consider his protests as serious and legitimate political acts, he can be disruptive and irreverent from within; but it is a lonely and claustrophobic role which engenders only greater cynicism and emotional numbness in the young man. As long as Ram divides his time between his politically committed friends and a depraved and decadent elite, he has only the rare opportunity to show kindness, for with the former he feels too self-consciously as if he is performing a political or social role, and with the latter in order to resist the powerful obligation upon him to be the good son, he can only be flippant naughty and rude. http://madny.blogspot.com/2007/05/how-to-be-kind-and-thoughts-on-beer-in.html there is this comparsion of the eastern culture vs the western culture that made the novel intresting to view from one point. ram the narrator is being confused by the two worlds that he has lived with, although he finds himself more with the western culture rather the eastern. I dont know whether or not he intended this, but I enjoyed his terse writing style. I also found it fascinating to learn that Egypt had its own lost generation. Some of the depictions of Cairo and its society and undoubtedly still true today, such as Gezeira Club, of which I am a member. http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1231621.Beer_in_the_Snooker_Club?page=1

We have decided to investigate the land use patterns in a Central Business District (CBD)

We have decided to investigate the land use patterns in a Central Business District (CBD). The location that we chose for this study was central Croydon. Croydon is a suburban town with a population of just over 330000, to be precise 330688, according to 2002 Census. Central Croydon is located in Outer London in the borough of Croydon, though it used to be a Surry Urban District. It is approximately 9.5miles south of London. It is surrounded by numerous other towns located in the London Borough of Croydon, for instance Norbury which is just North from Central Croydon, Purley which is just South-West of it and a handful other small towns which are illustrated in Figure 1 below. With over 2.5 million sq. ft of retail space, Croydon is one of the principal shopping centres South of London. Figure 1 It is likely that the placement of Croydon's CBD, conforms to a specific urban model, which was produced to generalize the patterns of urban land use found in cities. The models in question are the Burgess and Hoyt models, illustrated below (Figure 2). CBD's are a characteristic in all towns and cities. It is the part of the city where most business is conducted. The Central Business District (CBD) is generally located in the centre of a town or city with all route ways leading to it, making it the most accessible place in the city. As a result, it is the most intensively used part of the city and consequently, competition for space to conduct business is great; therefore land values are high and only large businesses can locate there. This is why no houses can locate there. 2 One of my aims in this study is to investigate test how accurately Croydon's CBD corresponds to the core-frame model of CBD's, which indicates the layout of various different land uses within a CBD. (see Figure 3 below) According to this model, department stores, specialist shops, banks, and high rise office blocks are found in the core (centre) of the CBD. In the frame (the area surrounding the core) bus and coach stations, smaller shops, theatres and cinemas, multi-storey car parks, universitys, car sales and service andrailway stations, are found her. The CBD of a city is a dynamic area going through changes; it isn't static. Cerain parts of the frame, and sometimes including the core, go through a phase of decline: closed shops, numerous charity and budget shops and a neglected appearance are features of a zone of decay. A different area of a CBD may benefit from the development of new businesses. These particular areas, called zones of improvement, are becoming spirited, more pleasant and more profitable. The condition of buildings and general appearance of the area are also progressing. Having planned where the investigation is to take place, I have constructed a list of the hypotheses I shall be analyzing; 1) Certain retail land uses will cluster e.g. Comparison shops such as ladies' clothes shops, shoe shops and jewelers, whereas others will disperse i.e. Convenience shops (newsagents) and specialist shops (camera shops). Comparison shops, for instance clothes and shoe shops, are expected to cluster so that customers are not obliged to travel very far to the next shop â€Å"comparing† prices, quality, and/or style of the goods that they have come to purchase. As these shops sell items that are usually bought rarely the shopper is willing to visit a handful of different shops before deciding where to buy the item they want. Therefore, I presume these shops will be nearby each other in order to make it easier for consumers to obtain what they are looking for. As for convenience shops, such as newsagents, general stores and corner shops, these are expected to be dispersed since their profits would suffer under the influence of competition if such stores were positioned in nearby vicinity to each other. As these stores mainly sell low-order goods, such as bread, milk, eggs etc. which are needed frequently, people are not willing to travel long distances for. Therefore, as these stores have low spheres of influence, it would be bad for business to say the least, if they were to cluster together and generate competition against one another. Like convenience shops, specialist shops, which concentrate on selling only one type of good such as cameras or arts materials, are also dispersed. This is due to the fact that they need to attract a large number of customers in order to make a profit; they need a high threshold population and they will consequently have a large sphere of influence. Another attribute similar to that of the convenience shops, is the actuality that if more than one type of the same store were located close together, they too would have to endure some rivalry. 2) Chain stores, department stores will locate in the core of the CBD, whereas smaller, privately owned businesses will locate in the frame of the CBD Chain stores and department stores are typically more successful and profitable, due to having large spheres of influence and large threshold populations to match, than those of the smaller businesses. They can therefore afford to buy land in the core where it is more often than not, more expensive. Whereas, the smaller businesses are not so well-off and are forced to set up the businesses around the frame of the CBD. 3) Pedestrian flows will be higher near the PLVI (in the core) of the CBD. In theory, as there are a greater number of stores with high sphere's of influence, such as department stores, chain store etc., it is likely that a greater number of people will be drawn to that area of the CBD than the outer frame of the CBD. As the route-focus is situated at the PLVI, that particular area is likely to be to most accessible point of the CBD, therefore attracting furthermore people there. Many companies, businesses and offices are located in the CBD, so the surrounding area outside these buildings may be busy with employees or customers entering and exiting the buildings. In Croydon's CBD there is also a large number of entertainment amenities, such as night clubs, bars, cinemas and so on, which have large spheres of influence, drawing customers from neighbouring towns that enjoy going out during evenings and weekends etc. The bars, pubs and restaurants also appeal to those who work in close vicinity to, and also within, the CBD and do not have to travel far during lunch breaks and coffee breaks. Finally, the entire CBD of Croydon is amazingly served by countless forms of transport; it is the centre of Tram networks, has at least 3 different train stations with frequent links to London and several other places, and over 50 different bus routes passing through the town every day. As a result of these services masses of people are likely to travel or pass through Croydon commuting, on their way to work, school etc., thus resulting in large numbers of individuals by bus and tram stops, train stations etc. particularly in the mornings and afternoons. 4) Environmental quality will be highest near the PLVI of the CBD in the core and become lower towards the frame. Environmental quality may be higher in a zone of improvement and lowest in a zone of decay. As shops that are mainly located near the PLVI in Croydon's CBD are usually rich, successful chain and department stores, they can afford to maintain their shops and surrounding area at a high standard. The reason for them doing this would be to attract customers, who would supposedly be impressed by perhaps the architecture and cleanliness of their buildings. In view of the fact that these stores have large spheres of influence and draw many people into Croydon, the council probably invests more time and money to keep that area to a high standard by planting trees, installing benches, hiring road sweepers etc, in order to keep the number of visitors coming into Croydon elevated. Environmental quality will obviously be higher in a zone of improvement than in a zone of decay, probably due to a number of factors such as crime and vandalism due to a lack of security, lack of funds being spent on the area by the council as it doesn't attract many people into Croydon. Also, a characteristic of zones of improvement is that the area is progressing and improving, perhaps by opening well known coffee shops such as Starbucks, Costa etc., that will bring in more trade. Also, people probably have more respect for attractive areas that have security and look pleasant, than they do for run-down, grotty areas where it is possible to get away with law-breaking and sabotage. 5) Building height will decrease with distance from the CBD In my opinion the explanation of this hypothesis is relatively straightforward. As the price of land grows more expensive in the CBD (most probably because of the prestigious, prime location in the most busy spot in the CBD), owners build on the land they already own to avoid buying more land and also to make the most of what they already own. Consequently, the further away from the CBD, the lower the building will be, for the reason that owners are able to meet the expense of increasing the amount of land the purchase, as the area is further away from the kudos and popularity of the CBD. 6) The public's general opinion of the frame of the CBD is negative and dissatisfied compared to that of the core According to the core-frame model of the CBD, the frame contains areas of a lower standard than in the core; the zone of improvement and the zone of decay. I would imagine the public's opinion of the outer CBD to be a lot lower and more downbeat than that of the PLVI, purely because the area is in worse condition and less appealing to the individuals in Croydon. As basically all of the department stores, businesses, places to eat, amenities and so forth, are located deep within the centre of the CBD there is little reason for people to visit the outer CBD which consists of little of interest or appeal. Not compared to core at any rate. There are a handful of factors that result in the frame of the CBD being less likable and attractive than the core, such as environmental quality being less than satisfactory, shops being less appealing and attractive, higher crime rates, distance from the core, being less accessible and so on. Generally speaking, I think the public would much rather visit a safe, visually pleasing,  clean, and on the whole, a higher standard area than a vandalized, potentially dangerous, run-down area.